Powering Indian Telecom Towers Environmental Sciences Essay

solar but gross ton has be to be a impregnable and economical method of provideing telecommunicationmunicationmunicationmunicationmunicationmunication clays in jacket crownographic points where conventional electricity is un getable or impractical. It provides an beginning-class beginning of clean, ripe gist out to maintain un-interrupted provide tack to telecom columns. This paper contains a brief rendering of Indian telecom towers and photovoltaic ( PV ) carrels employ in telecommunication systems. Beca engross solar heftiness systems atomic number 18 robust and speak to effectual, the beg for solar causation in telecommunications onlyow for go on to turn.Key Words-insolation, irradiance, photovoltaic, solar carrell, solar efficacyIntroductionIndia is now in the second largest of the Global telecom foodstuffs and is projected to retrieve the better of China. Our recite presently has astir(predicate) 400,000 telecom towers round the land and p oised to increase to 450,000 towers over the following 2 aged ages ( 2 ) . A prominent part of these towers is non connected to the electricity football field or does non h r atomic number 18 entree to dependable electricity connoting they rent to place drink down in backup source systems in dissimilariate to run without breaks. diesel engine Generators direct been the flump of telecom operators despite their extravagantly C imprint. telecom Towers are estimation to chivy 2 Billion Liters of diesel motor ( to the highest peak 500 meg barrels ) yearbook at a appeal of ten thousand crores. On an norm, roughly 260,000 is being worn-out(a) every year to carry through the diesel prerequisites of a item-by-item telecom tower. These high input costs be boldnesss get out in high pollution. While the government has been breakking to change over these towers to renewable efficacy signifiers, most of the tower operators consume been really slow to implement this alteration. The renewable free push button ministry had asked telecom companies to course grim their dependence on conventional give the sacks and see excerpts for partially agenting telecom towers. While slightly tower Godheads are looking at tight intrinsic gas and piped natural gas to indicator towers, Indus Towers, the largest with over 1 lakh towers in India, planned to put up 2,500 solar towers by storehouse of this twelvemonth. Viom Networks, which operates much(prenominal) than 38,000 towers across India, plans to run more than ane-quarter of this trope on alternate nix within the following two old ages. It plans to run 2,000 towers on solar index entirely by 2013. For the GSM Technology, it requires an norm of 6 BTS to run one tower. Each encourage has two ( 1.5 ton ) air conditioners for the cardinal care of the temperature for the shelter s electronic systems. The DG bunch is typically 15 kVA capacity, which consumes an norm of 3 liters of diese l per hr 4 .Each tower requires vitality from atomic number 60 W to 3000 W ( ho populate-to-god installing consumes more power as comparison to new one because of technical promotion ) . Each 1000 W consequences in the 22 tonnes/hr of lift of carbon dioxide if running on the body politic electricity and in instance of the gensets this figure is m round(prenominal) times more. Assuming correspond power ingestion of each tower is 1200 W so entire carbonic acid gas raise is 105.6 lakh metric ton per hr by all these towers if we copy that all are running on obligation electricity. In India nearly 70 % telecom towers are in artless countries. Soon 40 % power demands are met by football field electricity and 60 % by Diesel generators 2 . The Diesel generators are of 10-15 KVA capacity and devour virtually 3 litres of Diesel per hr and contract forth 2.63 kilogram of carbonic acid gas per litre. For every(prenominal) kWh of grid electricity consumed, 0.84 Kg of CO2 is emitted. Entire CO2 emanation is around 5 jillion tones of CO2 referable to diesel ingestion and around 8 million dozenss due to power grid per annum. The move from Diesel to solar and separate alternate beginnings of aptitude entrust ensue in a decrease of 5 million dozenss of CO2 emanations every smudge good as a nest eggs of immense sum in operate outgos for telecom tower companies. move to renewable energy beginnings cannister let forth 1000000s of C credits that could countermine the opex on their towers. Therefore by regenerate diesel generators with solar panels in cell visit towers, more than 5 million dozenss of C emanations could be prevented from come ining the atmospheric state and cut down the opex of telecom towers. India has just approximately 500 million wandering(a) phone endorsers, more than even the population of any state except China India is expect to hold one billion winding phone endorsers by 2015 which would intend almost 250,000 more Mo bile towers which, in bend, would matching the C emanations. Even if the solar panels put out a portion of the entire power required, it would still salvage significant sums of money, fuel and C emanations.electrical energy Generation Through Solar cadresIn India the one-year solar radiation is intimately 5 kWh/ sq thousand per twenty- quad seconds with about 1500-2000 sun-shine hours per twelvemonth. Solar radiations represent the ball s most abundant energy beginning. The endless beginning of solar energy provides absolute supply, has no negative impact on the surroundings. The solar photovoltaic ( PV ) modules convert solar radiation from the sunlight into electrical energy in the signifier of direct reliable ( DC ) . Converting solar energy into electricity is the reply to the mounting power jobs in telecom towers peculiarly in the hoidenish countries. PV or solar cells are semiconducting material devices that convert sunlight into direct incumbent electricity ( i mage.1 ) . When light photons of sufficient energy work stoppage a solar cell, they knock negatrons free in the te crystal construction, coercing them through an external locomote and so returning them to the separate side of the solar cell to get down the procedure all over at once more.Fig. 1. ( a ) photovoltaic consequence ( B ) how a PV cell plants ( degree Celsius ) a crystalline Si panelThe electromotive force end product from a individual crystalline solar cell is about 0.5 V with an amperage end product that is truthful relative to the cell s rise up country ( about 7 amperes for a 6-inch- upstanding multi crystalline solar cell ) . Typically, 30 to 36 cells are wired in series ( + to ) in each solar faculty. This produces a solar faculty with a 12-volt nominal end product ( 17 Vs at peak power ) that can so be wired in series and/or parallel with other solar faculties to organize a sleep with solar array. Solar cells employ in telecom towers are shown in Fig 2. Sol ar cell is cosmopolitan and will work virtually anyplace nevertheless, well-nigh locations are evidently more worthy than others. Irradiance is a step of the Sun s power available at the Earth s surface, with power peaking at about 1,000 Wattss per square metre ( W/m2 ) . With typical crystalline solar cell efficiencies about 14 to 16 per centum, approximately one hundred forty to 160 Wattss can be generated per square metre of solar cells set(p) in bounteous Sun. Insolation, which is a step of the available energy from the Sun, is expressed in footings of full Sun hours ( i.e. , 4 full Sun hours = 4 hours of sunshine at an irradiance degree of 1,000 W/m2 ) 1 .Fig.2 Solar cells used in telecom tower for join Nations interrupted power supply.Tele DensityTelephone introduced in India in 1882. The entire figure of telephones in the state stands at 885.99 million, while the overall tele-density has increase to 73.97 % and the entire Numberss of nomadic phone endorsers have reac hed 851.70 million as of June 2011. Himachal Pradesh has become the first province in India to accomplish 100 per cent tele-density. The province has about septenary million nomadic clients 5 . The province population is 6.8 million as per the nose count 2011 much lower than the nomadic lecturer population of septet million. While the urban tele denseness reached 150.67 per cent, the agrestic tele denseness reached 32.11per cent. Experts have pointed out that the grounds for this rapid maturement are lowest call rates, liberal foodstuff cornerstone due to larger population, well ample untapped market and robust economic growing of the state. In add-on factors like rapid technological acceptance, better service criterions, advanced intersection offerings and competitory pricing amongst the service suppliers has also contributed in a study expressive style to increase the tele-density of the state. postcode Management in telecom TowersA Telecom tower enables telecom ope rators to supply mesh connexion to mobile users.Fig. 3 Standard Telecom SystemTelecom being an indispensable service requires the nett to be ever available. In clubhouse to accomplish this, the tower substructure that has 2 operators uses 6-8 kilowatt ( avg. ) of electricity per hr ( Fig.3 ) . Energy demands of a telecom tower in India are presently met throughElectricity MainsDiesel Generator andUPS / Battery RacksDiesel wasting disease in Telecom Towers and Environmental PollutionThe telecom operator spends 3 billion ( USD 67.42 million ) every month towards running Diesel generators in distant locations where grid base power is limited. This translates to an operational energy disbursal of around 65 billion yearly to run web towers, particularly in off-grid locations ( 4 ) . Since, Electricity supply is volatile and is non available through out the twenty-four hours in many parts, Diesel Generators ( DG ) are used to power the telecom web, as a dorsum up for power supply.DG s are operational for 15-20 hours ( avg. ) in rural countries and 3- 7 hours in urban countries ( hedge 1 ) seting a emphasis on the environment by manner of C emanations and mental disorder pollutionOne liter of Diesel emits 2.63 kilogram of CO2 emanations.Hence telecom webs contribute to carbon emanations and terrene heating. elude 1 Power Availability at Tower SitesGrid Power Availability Cell Sites10 % & gt 20 hour Chiefly thermionic tube metropoliss of Mumbai, Kolkota,Chennai, close to metropoliss of Gujarat, State ofChattisgarh, some metropoliss of Punjab20 % 16-20 hour Covers most other major metropoliss and towns in theremainder of the state30 % 12-16 hour All semi-urban and little urban towns in allprovinces25 % 8-12 hour Mostly rural countries15 % & lt 8 hour Mostly parts of Bihar and some towns ofAssam, NE provinces, UP and J & A KThe Power ProblemA speedy analysis of telecom web runing costs indicates power and fuel are the primary(a) operating costs, consis ting over 30 % of entire operating cost. This is because grid power ( Electricity Board or EB power ) is extremely undependable and in a batch of instances, non available in rural countries. BTS sites require changeless and uninterrupted power for the safe operation of the web. As a consequence, BTS sites have implementd onsite Diesel generators to both supply backup or primary power in the absence of EB power. continuous operation is achieved through a stamp battery bank. The typical constellation of DG sets is 10-15 KVA with a fuel burn rate of 2-3 liters per hr ( depending on full or one-half load operations ) . Assuming seven hours of DG operations in urban countries and 20 hours in rural countries, estimated use of Diesel fuel is 2-4 billion liters per twelvemonth across the 400,000 towers in India. Fuel demand is increasing with each new tower. India, with its superior irradiance, has the chance to work Photovoltaic ( PV ) solar power to run into this challenge of onsite p ower coevals. Coupled with a battery backup, PV systems are a feasible and exciting option to cut down the power cost and entire operating outgo ( OPEX ) , thereby supplying a sustainable and dependable strategic solution to the fuel job. The operating cost of Diesel and solar PV system is shown in Table-2 which shows that solar PV system is economical ( 14.08/kWh ) than Diesel DG sets ( 16.19/kWh ) and besides eco kindly and can market their C credit to cut down farther the opex of the telecom tower.Table 2. Comparative analysis of solar PV and diesel generators ( DG ) uses in telecom tower.Strictly DG setsStrictly PV system annual ingestion of 15 kVA DG sets 3 litres/h, liters26280Assumed capacity, Wp150004 % debar down period i.e.for 96 % operation, liters25229Annual sunshine hours1650kWh produce 3.5 kWh/litre88301.510 twelvemonth output, kWp247500Diesel cost 42/litre,1059618Capital investing 200/Wp,30,00,000 approach of machine etc,300000Operating cost, ( including deprecia tion, involvement, care ) , /10 old ages49,80,000Operating cost ( including depreciation, involvement, lodging/rent, care ) , /year1429918Operating cost/kWh,16.19Operating cost/kWh,20.12After 30 % subsidy14.08Telecommunication Companies and Their RoleECIndia has the red-hot turning telecom web in the universe with its high population and learning potency. India s public sector telecom party BSNL ( 11.41 % ) is the seventh largest telecom company in universe. The entry of new participants into the telecom industry has made competition intense, in peculiar over the last four old ages. The dominant participants in the market presently include Bharti-Airtel ( 20.09 per cent of the Indian market ) , Reliance discourses ( 16.70 % ) , Vodafone ( 16.54 % ) , Tata Tele serve ( 11.08 % ) , Idea ( 10.97 % ) and Aircel ( 6.76 % ) ( Table 3 ) .Table 3. Share of telecom companies in Indian market and stairss taken to habituate renewablesCompanies trade portion, %Stairss taken for usage Rene wable energy in teletowersBharati Airtel20.09Targeted for solarizing 2000 towers by 2010-11. No a la mode(p) information on accomplishment.Reliance Communication16.70Stairss taken to utilize renewable to cut down opex by 50-60 %Vodafone16.5423 % of its planetary operation by renewablesBSNL11.41Taken cowcatcher confinements under Jawharlal Nehru Solar Mission for solarizing towers.Tata Teleservices Ltd11.08Deployed 31 cell sites powered by solar power and fuel cells.Idea cellular10.97Solar-DG loanblend in some nomadic towersAircel6.76No information availableStel0.34 grommet0.39Eti Salat0.08HFCL0.18Uninor2.73Videcon0.83MTNL0.69Siestema1.21Beginning Telephone regulatory Authority of India ( as on twenty-eighth Feb, 2011 )As per the directives of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, some companies have taken inaugural stairss to utilize renewable energy beginnings to power their telecom towers. Some major areBharti Infratel has set a mark of deploying 2000 renewable energy sites by t he fiscal twelvemonth 2010-11. The undertaking is besides expected to ensue in an estimated decrease of 58,170 metric tons of CO2 emanations per twelvemonth.BSNL has taken up pilot undertakings for 10 kilowatts solar workss at 14 sites and jot power undertaking at 6 USO funded sites in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra.Indus Towers, the largest with over 1 lakh towers in India, will put up 2,500 solar towers by kinfolk this twelvemonth.Viom Networks, which operates more than 38,000 towers across India, plans to run more than one-quarter of this figure on alternate energy within the following two old ages. It plans to run 2,000 towers on solar power entirely by 2013.There are around 5,60,276 Base Transceiver Stations ( BTS ) in the state. It may be noted that BTS is different from towers as one tower may hold more than one BTS. In India the tower companies portion the tower sites with all telecom operators. While the tower is erected by the tower substructu re companies, the BTS is installed by the telecom operators. A nomadic tower is an aery where electronic communications equipment are placed on a wireless mast or tower to make a cell in a cellular web. A nomadic tower is composed of a tower or other tremendous construction for mounting aerial and one or more sets of transmitter/receivers transceivers, digital signal processors, control electronics, a GPS receiving system, continual and backup electrical power beginnings, and sheltering. set wise interruption up of BTS is abandoned below 3 .MetroDelhiA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 20,715MumbaiA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 21,038KolkottaA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 14,018TotalA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 55,771A CirclesMaharashtraA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 42,998GujaratA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 31,852Andhra PradeshA A A A A A A A A A A 43,661KarnatakaA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 39,093Tamil NaduA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 52,075TotalA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 2,09,679Fig 4. A roof top Mobile tower in Bhubaneswar utilizing crossbred grid-DGB CirclesKeralaA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 27.156 Fig.3 A BTS systemPunjabA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 19,575HaryanaA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 13,883UPA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 68,487RajasthanA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 28,694Madhya PradeshA A A A A A A A A A A 31,665West BengalA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 24,532TotalA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 2,13,992C CirclesHimachal PradeshA A A A A A A A A 5,425BiharA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 35,086OrissaA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 18,095AssamA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 9,610North EastA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 5,490Jammu & A KashmirA A A A A A A A 7,128TotalA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 80,834Grand TotalA A A A A A A A A A A A A A 560,276DecisionTo cut down CO2 emanation and planetary heating due to telecom towers, Govt. should do it compulsory to telecom companies to utilize renewable energy.Govt. should halt subsidy on Diesel for telecom companies.More inducements should be given to those who use renewable energy for their towers.